Current transformations in the science-society relationship: Learnings from practices

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Current transformations in the science-society relationship: Learnings from practices

Author: Anne Dijkstra – University of Twente, Netherlands, Netherlands

Co-authors:

  • Penny Haworth – Manager Communications, NRF, South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, South Africa
  • Lenka Hebakova – Manager research projects, Technology Centre CAS, Czech Republic
  • Sikke Jansma – PhD student University of Twente, Netherlands

Science-society relationships are continuously changing and transforming. In the current transformations of the science-society relationship, Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) has become a key concept within and outside Europe. Recently also Engaged Research and Open Science have become important concepts. However, when meeting the needs of society, as is proposed by RRI and other notions, what implications does it bring in practice? What kind of science-society relationship is desired and needed to tackle current societal challenges? And, most importantly for the PCST community, what does that mean for communication processes, roles of researchers and research institutes?

In this round table discussion, we will bring in lessons learned from projects that addressed different aspects of the science-society relationship and include practical and theoretical transformations. We will discuss how learnings from each project help to understand the current changes in science-society relationships and, together with the participants, we will collect and discuss practical recommendations for communicating science, and new roles for researchers and research institutes. All contributions will show challenges as well as opportunities of the relationships’ transformations.

The round table management:

A short introduction sets the scene, where upon pitches reflect key learnings from the projects. The main part will be dedicated to discussing in groups different science-society practices and collecting advice for future science communication as well as for roles for researchers and research institutes, which will be reflected on at the end.

In NUCLEUS, responsible relationships with society were explored in e.g. China and South Africa, and learnings for researchers and research institutes were tested in multiple institutes. In GoNano, practical experiences about building longer-term relationships with citizens and other stakeholders around nanotechnology applications were collected via co-creation, while RRING is extending the reach of co-creation in institutional processes by linking RRI with the Sustainable Development Goals.

The author has not yet submitted a copy of the full paper.

Presentation type: Roundtable discussion
Theme: Transformation

Science stars on Twitter: Impact of the public discourse

Author: Elena Denia – Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain

The perception of science is a social aspect studied extensively over the years, nevertheless there exists some criticism about the traditional methodology of questionnaires. The present work takes advantage of the real-time nature of the open data available in the internet, which can provide unexplored dimensions of the public interest in science. In this paper we intend to answer the following research question: what type of information generates more or less interest in the popular scientific discourse? To do so, we focus on Twitter’s public discourse of two science stars –Neil DeGrasse Tyson and Elon Musk– and analyze the content of representative sets of tweets by using data mining techniques, with the purpose of exploring the main concepts that play a key role in terms of laypeople interest. The impact of the information is computed in terms of retweets and likes, and measures of popularity and polemicity of the information are suggested. The study contemplates the weights of different kinds of information classified by categories –science, culture, politics & social, belief, media and emotional– when communicating science, and the results reveal that a transmission of emotional charge awakes a substantially deeper response in the public. We also investigate co-occurrences of words in a semantic network by visual representation to assess the grade of centrality of most attractive concepts, and such a visual analysis of the word network indicates that the peripheral concepts to the scientific discussion show greatest interest, and not the central ones in the discourse. The study is limited to the context of space exploration, therefore it does not answer the generic question about whether science interests, so it is open to a comparison between fields.

The author has not yet submitted a copy of the full paper.

Presentation type: Insight talk
Theme: Technology

How does the public build their opinions and beliefs related to scientific issues?

Author: Isabel Mendoza-Poudereux – Universidad de Valencia, Spain, Spain

Co-authors:

  • Lorena Cano-Orón – Universidad de Valencia, Spain
  • Carolina Moreno-Castro – Universidad de Valencia, Spain
  • Empar Vengut-Climent – Universidad de Valencia, Spain

According to the existing data, the scientific consensus should drive science-related policies. However, some controversial topics (GMOs, climate change, vaccines, CAMs, etc.) have shown us that is not always the case. Public opinion may also be a driven force and even the main one to contribute to the development of public policies. Understanding how the (sometimes significant) gap between scientific consensus and popular beliefs is generated could help minimise said controversies and ease the development of science-related programs.

The CONCISE project (Communication role on perception and beliefs of EU Citizens about Science) is working to shed light on this matter by holding five citizen consultations with 500 people, in five different EU countries: Italy, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia and Spain.

Through these consultations, researchers aimed at gaining a more in-depth insight into the public understanding of science and identify current science communication models that will reveal indicators that might help improve science communication. Similarly, the project will allow understanding how individuals perceive science communication, make decisions on relevant topics (ex, vaccines), and which information channels and sources are their preferred ones to access science information.

The analysis of all the data obtained will allow us to produce, among other results, six policy briefs addressed to help policy-makers overcome the gap between scientific consensus and popular beliefs.

The visual presentation will describe the methodology developed for the project and share the first CONCISE results.

The CONCISE project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 824537.

The author has not yet submitted a copy of the full paper.

Presentation type: Visual presentation
Theme: Transformation

Exploring trends and themes of science communication using probabilistic topic modelling: Four decades of Science Communication

Author: Rikki Lee Mendiola – University of the Philippines, Philippines

Co-authors:

  • Garry Jay Montemayor – University of the Philippines, Philippines

Several studies in the past have attempted to reflect on how theory and practice of science communication (scicom) as a field had progressed through the years. Scicom’s intellectual progression is usually discussed: vis-a-vis the conceptual advancements of communication discipline (Trench, 2008); and in parallel with the dominant technology of the times (Kurath & Gisler, 2009). The advancement of scicom is commonly investigated through content analysis (Bauer & Howard, 2013), case studies (Brossard & Lewenstein, 2010), and bibliometric study (Suerdem et al., 2013).

We propose an exploration of a novel method””probabilistic topic modelling””to generate latent thematic structure on a given corpus (Blei, 2012). We are using data science toolkits (implemented using Python) in exploring the collection of abstracts of peer-reviewed articles in the journal Science Communication from 1979 to 2019: data collection and pre-processing, exploratory data analysis (i.e., term frequency and inverse document frequency), and unsupervised machine learning model i.e. Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) for topic modelling. Furthermore, emerging topics from the ML model will be explored further using word embeddings to examine semantic similarity.

The proposed paper mainly argues that the computational approach to content analysis employed is useful in exploring a large corpus of data””establishing a macroview of science communication through the years. First, the existing knowledge claims on the progression of scicom as a field can be validated. Second, emerging themes for scholarly debate can be identified. Using inductive approach with quantitative measurements in studying text (Maier et al., 2018), this proposed paper aims to establish the potential of examining text using machine learning in natural language processing.

There are 1331 articles analyzed in total. Initial EDA results can be viewed here. The study is currently implementing unsupervised ML, word embeddings, and the evaluation of the model for its realiability as part of the results in the final paper.

The author has not yet submitted a copy of the full paper.

Presentation type: Individual paper
Theme: Time

The revision of the International System of Units and the challenge to communicate it: The Brazilian case

Author: Aline de Oliveira Coelho – University of Coimbra / Inmetro, Brazil

Co-authors:

  • Carlos Fiolhais – Coimbra University, Portugal
  • Claudia Jurberg – Fiocruz, Brazil
  • Décio Ruivo Martins – Coimbra University, Portugal

The objective of this study is to present the review of the International System of Units (SI) and the promotion of its updates in Brazil, under the responsibility of the National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro). In times when relationships and media are increasingly virtual, it is opportune to analyze Inmetro’s dissemination strategies focusing on direct communication using social networks, particularly Facebook.

In November 2018, Metrology (the science of measurement and its applications) took a historic step: the approval of the redefinition of four (out of seven) units of measurement on which it was based: kilogram (mass), ampere (electric current), kelvin (thermodynamic temperature) and mole (amount of substance). The revision is based on fundamental physical constants, considered stable and immutable, and using quantum phenomena as the basis for universal units of measurement.

This process required an unprecedented joint campaign to publicize these changes, coordinated by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) to ‘translate’ and disseminate the information of this transition and its effects to the public, composed mostly by citizen-consumers and industry representatives. Despite some obstacles such as the election period in Brazil, Inmetro’s communication initiatives have proven to be efficient, which is demonstrated by expressive reactions, comments and shared posts. They were analyzed by quantitative methods (content analysis) in which a numerical value was assigned for each type of reaction, which generated value for each post and allowed them to be classified according to their repercussion. The results are presented by visual resources, such as infographics.

The author has not yet submitted a copy of the full paper.

Presentation type: Visual presentation
Theme: Time

Quantum Empowerment: How can we organise evidence-based science communication for a dialogue on quantum science and technology?

Author: Aletta Meinsma – Leiden University, Netherlands

Co-authors:

  • Julia Cramer – Leiden University, Netherlands

What if science fiction entangles with daily live? What if a societally disruptive technology is based on counter-intuitive science? There is a gap between science and society, maintained by mystique narratives. Especially in the field of quantum science and technology, it is high time to develop a framework to openly discuss breakthroughs and applications, to demystify such enigmatic science for the larger audience.

Since a decade, quantum science does no longer only excist fundamental research that is done in dark basements of university buildings. Recently, world-wide joint efforts focus on the technological opportunities of quantum science. This new emerging technology does not pass society unnoticed. Media are fond of this exciting and spooky technology. Recently, the race on ‘quantum supremacy’ was kicked-off by Google, covering the headlines of most mainstream media.

Evidence-based public engagement and research on the impact of quantum technology on society is highly relevant. By organizing, evaluating and improving well-thought outreach on quantum technology the societal relevance will be understood. Furthermore, it will help us to understand the bigger picture of the role of science communication in the societal acceptance and concerns towards fundamental science and new technology.

In this visual presentation I will present my ideas on public dialogue around quantum science and technology. I will reflect on previous fundamental scientific research that has had an impact on society, and I will discuss if and how we can organise robust outreach on quantum science and technology. The presentation is intended as a start for further discussion on the topic.

The author has not yet submitted a copy of the full paper.

Presentation type: Visual presentation
Theme: Technology

Traditional communities’ knowledge and formal scientific knowledge: How activists use modern science to empower environmental speech

Author: Diogo de Oliveira – Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Brazil

Co-authors:

  • Bruce Lewenstein – Cornell University, United States

Centuries before modern science, humankind developed many ways of understanding nature. The accumulated knowledge and its practical application in ordinary life as habits that endure over the years make part of the cultural heritage that traditional communities bring to contemporary life. Many indigenous tribes and traditional communities have been extinguished but many others still survive, especially in Latin America, in the Amazon Forest Region. Living in preserved areas and struggling against powerful industrial, mineral and agricultural companies, activists in traditional communities combine their traditional knowledge with data and analyses drawing on formal scientific knowledge to create arguments for shaping public opinion. The combination of traditional knowledge, practical knowledge, and academic knowledge seems to be a particularly powerful way of constructing potent arguments. Traditional knowledge is also a source for research companies and universities as they conduct their studies; but their use of principles discovered by minority populations is sometimes criticized as expropriation. Our paper investigates these relations and points out the importance of combining local knowledge with formal scientific knowledge to convince global citizens about the realities of socio-environmental conflicts. This paper is part of a project of understanding socio-environmental conflicts through the perspective of science communication.

The author has not yet submitted a copy of the full paper.

Presentation type: Individual paper
Theme: Transformation

Activism in Latin America: The role of science communication and NGOs in socio-environmental conflicts

Author: Diogo de Oliveira – Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Brazil

Co-authors:

  • Bruce Lewenstein – Cornell University, United States

This insight paper explores how to study a topic relatively rarely discussed in PCST research: the place of NGOs in public communication of science and technology. To do so, we use an example from Latin America where science communication, environmental activism, and social movements interact. The paper draws on data from NGOs about how they use science communication as a tool for telling stories about environmental conflicts that frequently turn violent. According to the NGO Global Witness, almost 1600 land and environmental activists in Latin America – mainly peasants, indigenous people and members of traditional communities in conflictual areas — lost their lives between 2002 and 2018, almost three times the rest of the world. The main goal of the paper is to understand the use of scientific storytelling by NGOs and activists to defend their point of view and to influence public opinion towards their position. We used multiple methods: Textual and quantitative data is drawn from the formal reports of four NGOs – Global Witness (United Kingdom), Pastoral Commission of Land (Brazil), Editorial Board (Colombia) and Mexican Center for Environmental Law (Mexico). We also conducted semi-structured interviews with representatives of the NGOs about their use of science communication.

The author has not yet submitted a copy of the full paper.

Presentation type: Visual presentation
Theme: Transformation

Populism towards science: What it is and how it can be measured

Author: Niels G. Mede – University of Zurich, Switzerland

Co-authors:

  • Tobias Fuchslin – University of Zurich, Switzerland
  • Mike S. Schäfer – University of Zurich, Switzerland

Populism, which perceives society as a fundamental struggle between an allegedly virtuous people and allegedly corrupt elites, is on the rise in many countries. Its anti-elitist sentiment often targets politicians, but also other members of the societal establishment—such as scientists and experts. Prominent examples are Donald Trump suggesting his “natural instinct” to be superior to scientific evidence and Michael Gove claiming that the British people “have had enough of experts”. We understand such ideas as science-related populism.

But so far, there is neither a theoretical conceptualization nor a survey measure for science-related populism. In our paper, we present both: First, we conceptualize science-related populism as the idea that society is pervaded by a conflict between a virtuous people and an immoral academic elite. According to science-related populism, this conflict is due to the academic elite ignoring the common will and common sense of the people when deciding on research agendas, aims, and methods and when determining what can be considered ‘true knowledge’. Second, we present a survey instrument to measure people’s endorsement of science-related populism, i.e., people’s science-related populist attitudes. To develop the scale, we tested 17 survey items in two representative surveys. Then, we used factor analysis and Item Response Theory to find those 8 items that are most indicative of science-related populist attitudes, perform best in three different languages (German, French, Italian) – and can thus be combined to a reliable scale: the SciPop scale.

Our paper offers a double contribution: First, the conceptualization of science-related populism can be used to describe how science-society relations are currently transforming against the backdrop of publics that increasingly endorse ‘alternative truths’ and criticize epistemic authorities. Second, the SciPop scale allows for empirical insights into such transformations – insights valuable for both science communication researchers and practitioners.

The author has not yet submitted a copy of the full paper.

Presentation type: Individual paper
Theme: Transformation

Professionalising Sci Comm Professionals

Author: Laura McLister – Edinburgh Science, United Kingdom

Whether you call it science communication, public engagement in STEM or science engagement, we all belong to a community of professionals trying to communicate or connect people to STEM topics or messages. Although at our core we are all in the same business, as an industry (in the UK) there is very little in the way of structured continual professional development. For some this results in a lack of core skills not only required for delivering public engagement but also in how to strategise communication. There are of course examples of excellent science communication but often as an industry we are working on these in isolation. In fact, in a study conducted in 20171, it was found not only is the provision of professional development very low, but maybe not surprisingly, as a sector there is very little agreement in what quality practice in science communication looks like.

Here at Edinburgh Science we believe that it is time for transformation. In 2018 Edinburgh Science was awarded as part of PLACE (Platforms for Creative Excellence Programme) funding to establish a professional development framework for the Scottish science engagement community and its creative and artistic partners.

I would like to explore the process that we, Edinburgh Science — as an organisation at the heart of this diverse sector, have been taking a holistic approach to create this framework as well as present the framework as it currently stands. The talk would examine what areas we have had to explore and define, what questions and issues it has raised, as well as the framework and how this is feeding into plans to create a professional training academy for both development and delivery of science engagement activities.

1 Featherstone, Dillon, Johnson & Manners (2018) ‘Scoping the Professionalisation of Public Engagement with STEM’

The author has not yet submitted a copy of the full paper.

Presentation type: Insight talk
Theme: Transformation

Science Communication and Socio-Environmental Conflicts

Author: Diogo de Oliveira – Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Brazil

Co-authors:

  • Jean Ann Bellini – Comissão Pastoral da Terra (Pastoral Land Comission), Brazil
  • Bruce Lewenstein – Cornell University, United States
  • Anaid Olivares – National Observatory of Environmental Conflicts, Mexico

According to the Environmental Justice Atlas, in April 2019, there were 2776 active Socio-Environmental Conflicts worldwide. The actual number is probably larger. NGO’s, academics, science journalists, and policymakers are some of the actors involved, making issues of science communication key to understanding the conflicts. The issues are diverse – from nuclear to land conflicts, from mineral ores to fossil fuels. The Global Witness reports – from 2002 to 2018 – show that at least 1733 persons were killed in socio-environmental conflicts. Again, because of obstructions to accessing data, threats to denouncers, and many other reasons, the real numbers are also certainly larger. This alarming amount of people killed and the environmental damages that they were struggling against, reflect the failure at many scales of many agents in this complex scenario. Discussing and reducing these numbers is a challenge for science communication, one of the common interest to environmentalists, academics, journalists, and politicians.

The author has not yet submitted a copy of the full paper.

Presentation type: Roundtable discussion
Theme: Transformation

Matemorfosis: Communicating Mathematics in Guanajuato, Mexico

Author: Paulina de Graaf Núñez – Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas, Mexico

Co-authors:

  • Marco Antonio Figueroa Ibarra – Centro de investigación en Matemáticas, Mexico
  • Berta Gamboa de Buen – Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas, Mexico
  • Rocí­o González Sánchez – Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas, Mexico
  • Carmen Delia Mares Orozco – Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas, Mexico

Matemorfosis is the outreach group of the Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas, one of the principal Mathematics research centers in Mexico. The main objective of the team is to transform the negative perspective of Mathematics that is usually socialized in various contexts -formal and non-formal. With this on mind, Matemorfosis carries out a series of actions within the state of Guanajuato that vary in terms of content, public, scenarios, and formats.

These actions include organizing and participating in Math festivals in urban and rural communities; daily, weekly, and monthly workshops at schools of all levels; communitary sessions with children, teenagers and adults; teacher training in Math Communication strategies, among others.The contents and formats of the workshops involve hands-on activities that allow us to communicate mathematical ideas to a especially diverse public. Moreover, it is highly relevant for the team to work directly with vulnerable and marginal communities, so that people from those communities have access to a different way to approach Mathematics.

The aim of this proposal is to reflect on and share some of the most relevant actions that Matemorfosis has implemented in order to fulfill its main objective and contribute to the development of Mathematical culture in Mexico.

The author has not yet submitted a copy of the full paper.

Presentation type: Insight talk
Theme: Transformation

Visible or vulnerable?: An exploration of the impacts of – and on – role models

Author: Merryn McKinnon – Australian National University, Australia, Australia

Co-authors:

  • Christine O’Connell – Stony Brook University New York; Riley’s Way Foundation, United States

What does a scientist look like? The well documented stereotypical answer to that question is under renewed focus. In recent years many countries have shown considerable attention to equity in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). This has seen the emergence of more engagement and development programs drawing upon the use of role models. Arguably this has correspondingly enhanced the potential contribution of science communication and science communicators in transforming the ‘face’ of STEM. The perceived positive influence of role models on women in STEM is the rationale for many initiatives which aim to support the attraction, retention and progression of girls and women in STEM studies and careers. However, recent research suggests making women more visible may also trigger the same stereotypes these role models are meant to address, resulting in making the role models more vulnerable. This presentation will describe the stereotypes that are attributed to women who speak publicly about their work and the potential implications for science communication.

The author has not yet submitted a copy of the full paper.

Presentation type: Insight talk
Theme: Transformation

In the spirit of Mr Wizard: Tracing the evolution of celebrity science through time and technology

Author: Judith McIntosh White – University of New Mexico, United States

Co-authors:

  • Denisse Vasquez-Guevara – University of Cuenca, Ecuador
  • David Weiss – University of New Mexico, United States
  • Jeffrey White – TextPerts, United States

Arguably, the idea of the intellectual celebrity may be as old as written history – witness Aristotle’s regard within the empire of Alexander the Great. However, the ubiquity of today’s interactive media has made celebrities out of a growing number of scientists and media presenters, as documented by sources such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

The dictionary defines a celebrity quite simply as “a famous person”. Celebrity scientists, therefore, are persons who become famous because of their science, whether through self-promotion or recognition by certain publics. Media science celebrities may have science qualifications but enter into the public sphere through their media presence. Our session will consider the evolution of such celebrities over time as technology has changed, focusing on both celebrity scientists and media science celebrities. Many current media science celebrities (including Bill Nye) have mentioned Mr. Wizard (Donald Herbert, whose U.S. television program, broadcast from 1951-1965, combined science experiments with encouraging children to pursue their education) as contributing to their decision to pursue science education and media work.

Our papers will discuss case studies of four celebrity scientists/media science celebrities from different countries and time periods, using the lens of Habermas’ theories about the public sphere and communicative action; entertainment education methodologies and rubrics; and mass communication theories. Participants will use these tools to explore the effect of these celebrities’ backgrounds and disciplinary orientations on their research foci and the content of their outreach presentations. Additionally, we will examine how intellectual climate and normative constraints and communication technologies/media of these science celebrities’ times impacted their interactions with different public spheres. Finally, our discussion will compare and contrast the science celebrities chosen in an attempt to draw some lessons about the societal role of science celebrities in engaging the public in science issues.

The author has not yet submitted a copy of the full paper.

Presentation type: Linked papers
Theme: Time

Assessment of management effectiveness of Hundred Islands National Park in Alaminos City Pangasinan, Philippines

Author: Nicole Maxine Apolinario – University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines

The results of this study can be used to provide a basis to evolve management plans, policies, and strategies that are responsive to the sustainability of the Hundred Islands National Park (HINP). It will help stakeholders such as local and national government agencies, being policy and decision-makers, in addressing the issues and concerns and setting priorities to promote better management policies and practices.

The assessment of HINP is done through on-site evaluation and interviews. The assessment tool that is used is the MPA MEAT (Marine Protected Area Management Effectiveness Assessment Tool) which aims to assess governance or management in terms of enforcement, implementation, and maintenance of the MPAs. The degree to which these management actions are done in achieving the goals and objectives of an MPA would serve as the basis in rating the management effectiveness for the management body of HINP. The ratings for each guide questions provided in the MPA MEAT were based on the observations and interviews conducted. The context of the questions was characterized sequentially from the PA’s establishment, strength, sustainability, and institutionalization to generate an overall view of how the management of the PA is working. Each sequence or level in the tool has criteria on which the scoring and the equivalent points were based upon. These points were then summarized and interpreted based on the description provided in the MPA MEAT. Validation of responses from the interviews was done through the collection of supporting documents and secondary data available for the HINP.

Concerning the conference theme, it shows the ability of individuals to participate in science. Public participation as a core to management effectiveness in PAs. How individuals can help in the transformation shows the concept of citizen science. A visual presentation is a good way to present the data analysis.

Presentation type: Visual presentation
Theme: Transformation

A science-shop experience for the co-creation of scientific knowledge

Author: Daniela De Filippo – Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain

Co-authors:

  • Nuria Bautista-Puig – Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain
  • Marí­a Luisa Lascurain – Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain
  • Elí­as Sanz-Casado – Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain

Citizen science has become a new way of conducting research by integrating several social stakeholders in the process of producing scientific knowledge. In this sense, the science shop is an initiative that, although it emerged in the 1970s in the Netherlands, has renewed interest in its ability to engage different stakeholders to work in solving local problems. Thus, from the collective identification of different social needs/problems, strategies are put in place to transform them into research questions and find solutions.

The objective of this presentation is to show how our experience in science shop initiatives has been used to solve the problems of its environment. The case of study that is going to be analyzed is the newly created science shop at the Carlos III University of Madrid, under the HORIZON 2020 project “Enhancing the Responsible and Sustainable Expansion of the Science Shops Ecosystem in Europe”.

The experience and methodology developed in this science shop, whose theme is environmental sustainability, will be presented, emphasizing the mechanisms used for the co-creation of knowledge. Lessons learned in this framework are going to be presented. One aspect to highlight is the integration of the science shop in the dynamics of the university and its insertion in a transversal way in the organizational framework of a Higher Education Institution (HEIs). Likewise, integration has not only been structural but, at the content level, the science shop has joined the challenge of working with/in the university in the achievement of certain Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

One of the conclusions obtained from this experience is the positive assessment of the joint work between diverse social actors for the resolution of local problems, as well as the change of perception of these actors about their transformative potential and their real possibilities of co-creation of scientific knowledge.

The author has not yet submitted a copy of the full paper.

Presentation type: Visual presentation
Theme: Transformation

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Web: www.pcst.network

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